软件测试中什么是测试自动化框架_千锋教育

# 这是脚本，不是框架
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
element = driver.find_element_by_id("username")
element.send_keys("admin")
driver.quit()

# 这是框架的一部分
class BasePage:
    def __init__(self, driver):
        self.driver = driver
    
    def find_element(self, locator):
        return WebDriverWait(self.driver, 10).until(
            EC.presence_of_element_located(locator)
        )
    
    def click(self, locator):
        self.find_element(locator).click()
    
    def input_text(self, locator, text):
        self.find_element(locator).send_keys(text)

class LoginPage(BasePage):
    def __init__(self, driver):
        super().__init__(driver)
        self.username_input = ("id", "username")
        self.password_input = ("id", "password")
        self.login_button = ("id", "login-btn")
    
    def login(self, username, password):
        self.input_text(self.username_input, username)
        self.input_text(self.password_input, password)
        self.click(self.login_button)

# pytest 框架的标准结构
test_suite/
├── test_login.py
├── test_register.py
└── test_checkout.py

# test_login.py 内容
import pytest

class TestLogin:
    def test_valid_login(self):
        # 测试有效登录
        pass
    
    def test_invalid_password(self):
        # 测试无效密码
        pass
    
    def test_empty_username(self):
        # 测试空用户名
        pass

# data/test_login_data.json
[
    {"username": "admin", "password": "123456", "expected": "登录成功"},
    {"username": "test", "password": "wrong", "expected": "密码错误"},
    {"username": "", "password": "123456", "expected": "用户名不能为空"}
]

# 框架自动读取数据，批量执行
@pytest.mark.parametrize("data", load_test_data("test_login_data.json"))
def test_login(data):
    assert login(data["username"], data["password"]) == data["expected"]

# 关键字定义
class Keywords:
    def open_browser(self, browser_type):
        return webdriver.Chrome() if browser_type == "chrome" else webdriver.Firefox()
    
    def navigate_to(self, driver, url):
        driver.get(url)
    
    def input_text(self, driver, locator, text):
        driver.find_element(*locator).send_keys(text)
    
    def click_element(self, driver, locator):
        driver.find_element(*locator).click()

# 测试用例直接用关键字组合
def test_user_login():
    driver = Keywords.open_browser("chrome")
    Keywords.navigate_to(driver, "https://example.com/login")
    Keywords.input_text(driver, ("id", "username"), "admin")
    Keywords.input_text(driver, ("id", "password"), "123456")
    Keywords.click_element(driver, ("id", "login-btn"))

def assert_and_report(driver, actual, expected, screenshot_name):
    try:
        assert actual == expected, f"期望: {expected}, 实际: {actual}"
        TestReport.add_pass(screenshot_name)
    except AssertionError as e:
        driver.save_screenshot(f"failures/{screenshot_name}.png")
        TestReport.add_fail(screenshot_name, str(e))
        raise

from tenacity import retry, stop_after_attempt

@retry(stop=stop_after_attempt(3))
def click_with_retry(driver, locator):
    try:
        element = WebDriverWait(driver, 5).until(
            EC.element_to_be_clickable(locator)
        )
        element.click()
    except Exception as e:
        logging.error(f"点击失败: {locator}, 错误: {e}")
        raise

project/
├── config/          # 配置文件
│   ├── config.ini
│   └── config.py
├── data/            # 测试数据
│   └── test_data.json
├── pages/           # 页面对象
│   ├── base_page.py
│   ├── login_page.py
│   └── home_page.py
├── tests/           # 测试用例
│   ├── test_login.py
│   └── test_home.py
├── utils/           # 工具类
│   ├── driver.py
│   └── report.py
├── conftest.py      # pytest 配置
└── pytest.ini       # pytest 设置

# conftest.py
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver

@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
def driver():
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.maximize_window()
    driver.implicitly_wait(10)
    yield driver
    driver.quit()

@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
def test_data():
    import json
    with open("data/test_data.json", "r") as f:
        return json.load(f)

# 生成 Allure 报告
# 安装：pip install allure-pytest
# 运行：pytest --alluredir=./allure-results
# 查看：allure serve ./allure-results

# 日志配置
import logging
logging.basicConfig(
    level=logging.INFO,
    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s',
    handlers=[
        logging.FileHandler('test.log'),
        logging.StreamHandler()
    ]
)

# 好命名
test_login_valid_user.py
test_login_invalid_password.py

# 坏命名
test1.py
abc.py

# 好结构
pages/  # 页面对象
tests/  # 测试用例
data/   # 测试数据
config/ # 配置文件
utils/  # 工具类
reports/ # 测试报告

# 坏结构
all_in_one.py

# 好代码
class LoginPage:
    def login(self, username, password):
        self.input_username(username)
        self.input_password(password)
        self.click_login_button()
    
    def input_username(self, username):
        self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "username").send_keys(username)

# 坏代码
def login(u, p):
    d.find_element(By.ID, "u").send_keys(u)
    d.find_element(By.ID, "p").send_keys(p)
    d.find_element(By.ID, "b").click()